ABSTRACT
Background and objectives: understanding the clinical-epidemiological and environmental factors related to deaths due to COVID-19 and their distribution in space can serve as subsidies to direct and implement more effective health actions for vulnerable populations. Thus, the objective was to synthesize the scientific evidence related to risk factors and spatial distribution of deaths due to COVID-19 in the world. Content: this is an integrative literature review, and the following guiding question emerged: what is the scientific evidence related to risk factors and spatial distribution of deaths due to COVID-19 in the world? Searches were carried out in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and the Scopus, Web of Science and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases in June 2021. Original studies in Portuguese, English or Spanish, without time frame, excluding studies with a specific age group or with an audience with specific comorbidity, were used. A total of 25 studies were included, with findings in different scenarios around the world. Factors such as age, sex, pre-existing diseases were associated with deaths due to COVID-19, which had a heterogeneous spatial distribution and occurred in environmental, socioeconomic and geographic conditions peculiar to these territories. Conclusion: age equal to or greater than 60 years, males, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and geographic areas with greater environmental pollution, greater population density and precarious sanitary conditions influenced the mortality of COVID-19.(AU)
Justificativa e objetivos: compreender os fatores clínico-epidemiológicos e ambientais relacionados aos óbitos por COVID-19 e sua distribuição no espaço pode servir de subsídio para direcionar e implementar ações de saúde mais efetivas para populações vulneráveis. Assim, o objetivo foi sintetizar as evidências científicas relacionadas aos fatores de risco e distribuição espacial dos óbitos por COVID-19 no mundo. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, e emergiu a seguinte questão norteadora: quais são as evidências científicas relacionadas aos fatores de risco e distribuição espacial dos óbitos por COVID-19 no mundo? As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Scopus, Web of Science e National Library of Medicine (PubMed) em junho de 2021. Estudos originais em português, inglês ou espanhol, sem recorte temporal, excluindo estudos com faixa etária específica ou com um público com comorbidade específica. Um total de 25 estudos foram incluídos, com achados em diferentes cenários ao redor do mundo. Fatores como idade, sexo, doenças pré-existentes foram associados aos óbitos por COVID-19, que tiveram distribuição espacial heterogênea e ocorreram em condições ambientais, socioeconômicas e geográficas peculiares a esses territórios. Conclusão: idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, sexo masculino, doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus e áreas geográficas com maior poluição ambiental, maior densidade populacional e condições sanitárias precárias influenciaram na mortalidade por COVID-19.(AU)
Justificación y objetivos: comprender los factores clínico-epidemiológicos y ambientales relacionados con las muertes por COVID-19 y su distribución en el espacio puede servir como subsidio para orientar e implementar acciones de salud más efectivas para poblaciones vulnerables. Así, el objetivo fue sintetizar la evidencia científica relacionada con los factores de riesgo y la distribución espacial de las muertes por COVID-19 en el mundo. Contenido: se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, y surgió la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿cuál es la evidencia científica relacionada con los factores de riesgo y la distribución espacial de las muertes por COVID-19 en el mundo? Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y Scopus, Web of Science y National Library of Medicine (PubMed) en junio de 2021. Estudios originales en portugués, inglés o español, sin marco de tiempo, excluyendo estudios con se utilizó un grupo de edad específico o con un público con comorbilidad específica. Se incluyeron un total de 25 estudios, con hallazgos en diferentes escenarios alrededor del mundo. Factores como la edad, el sexo, las enfermedades preexistentes se asociaron a las muertes por COVID-19, que tuvo una distribución espacial heterogénea y se produjo en condiciones ambientales, socioeconómicas y geográficas propias de estos territorios. Conclusión: la edad igual o mayor a 60 años, la maldad, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la diabetes mellitus y las áreas geográficas con mayor contaminación ambiental, mayor densidad poblacional y precarias condiciones sanitarias influyeron en la mortalidad por COVID-19.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Risk Factors , Spatial Analysis , COVID-19/mortalityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The detection of spatiotemporal clusters of deaths by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for health systems and services, as it contributes to the allocation of resources and helps in effective decision making aimed at disease control and surveillance. Thus we aim to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution and describe sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in a Brazilian state. METHODS: A descriptive and ecological study was carried out in the state of Maranhão. The study population consisted of deaths by COVID-19 in the period from 29 March to 31 July 2020. The detection of spatiotemporal clusters was performed by spatiotemporal scan analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3001 deaths were analysed with an average age of 69 y, predominantly in males, of brown ethnicity, with arterial hypertension and diabetes, diagnosed mainly by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in public laboratories. The crude mortality rates the municipalities ranged from 0.00 to 102.24 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and three spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risk were detected, with a mortality rate ranging from 20.25 to 91.49 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants per month. The headquarters was the metropolitan region of São Luís and municipalities with better socio-economic and health development. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution and the sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of deaths by COVID-19 point to the need for interventions.